St. Petersburg Roman de Troie

Codice de la Guerra de Troya

The mythological tale of the Trojan War is undoubtedly one of the most influential and repeated legends of all time. It has been continuously adapted, the most recent example being Oliver Stone’s blockbuster “Troy” with Brad Pitt and Orlando Bloom as the leads. The timeless saga has also been reworked countless times in literature. The French author Benoît de Sainte-Maure committed himself to the ancient material between 1155 and 1160. In doing so, he completed one of the most significant literary versions of the epic, which was cited and reworked throughout the entire Middle Ages. In the second half of the 14th century, the Frenchman’s masterpiece was adapted by an anonymous Italian illuminator, who created one of the most astounding illuminated manuscripts in the history of medieval illumination from this famous example. The manuscripts is an unbelievably richly furnished picture book with artful and historically informative miniatures on practically every page.

Benoît de Sainte-Maure’s Romance of Troy

Benoît de Sainte-Maure was a French-speaking author who lived and worked in the County of Touraine in the middle of the 12th century. His most famous work was the Romance of Troy, completed between 1160 and 1170 for King Henry II of England and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Their court was one of the most important intellectual and cultural centers of the medieval world, and as was common among the intellectual nobility of their time, only French was spoken here. For his material template, Sainte-Maure employed not only Homer’s famous epic – The Illiad (which was only known through hearsay in Western Europe at that time) – but also two from two depictions supposedly composed by eyewitness of the Trojan War. In doing so, it deals with the descriptions of Dictys Cretensis, who experienced things from the Greek side, as well as the tale of Dares Phrygius, who was purported to be in Troy at the time. However, Benoit only took over the rough parameters from Dictys and Dares, which he fancifully furnished with love stories, chivalric battle scene, and scholarly excursions.

The Italian Adaptation of the Masterpiece

Benoît de Sainte-Maure’s The Romance of Troy was, as mentioned earlier, copied in Italy in the 14th century and furnished with a rich miniature cycle. From the beginning, France, with its troubadours, epics, and court poetry, had assumed a leading position in the development of vernacular literature of Europe. French literature was the example and trailblazer, its works were translated, imitated, reworked and rearranged. French literature played an especially big role in urban centers like Bologna and Venice. The Italian version of The Romance of Troy was also most likely produced in Bologna. The 3000+ verse literary monument from France was not only reproduced in its original language, the real accomplishment of the anonymous adaptor lays in the illustrations of the ancient saga. The picture cycle of the Italian The Romance of Troybelongs among the most outstanding ever created in the history of illumination.

An Impressive Miniature Cycle

The impressive miniatures of the Italian version of The Romance of Troy puts the tale’s individual moments of action so clearly in the limelight, that the events can be completely understood without text by means of the illustrations. However, the events related in the text are not exclusively presented pictorially. The spontaneous narrative pleasure of the authors also shows itself equally in the small embellishing details and anecdotes that do not occur in the story. A particularly attractive example for the unbelievably lifelike and vivid illumination is a completely unusual depiction of the shipwrecked Ajax and his companions. Some of the castaways in the picture cower shivering on the rocky island, on which they have taken refuge, others laboriously swim to the shore, still more lie drowned in the water. Never before has an illuminator managed to design pictures of such drama and expressivity. The miniatures of the precious manuscript need not eschew comparison with the great works of the Italian painters. Some of the miniatures artfully exhibit everyday objects as they appeared in 14th century Italy. Typical Italian architectural features are portrayed, along with furniture of the like that would be found in Italian homes, and typical garments and costumes. The pictures of the The Romance of Troy distinguish themselves not only because of their graceful beauty. By the same token, they represent an extremely interesting, historically-significant source about life in medieval Italy.