Treasures of Ottonian Illumination (Collection)
The Ottonian Renaissance produced some of the greatest, most lavishly adorned and bound masterpieces of the entire Middle Ages. It was a rich but relatively short-lived renaissance associated with the Ottonian dynasty (919-1024), but which outlived them, gradually evolving into the German Romanesque. Stylistically, Ottonian manuscripts built on Carolingian traditions and consciously sought to imitate Late Antique and Byzantine artistic traditions. Ottonian Illumination is characterized by rich materials like Byzantine-style burnished gold backgrounds, gold and silver ink, and rich, flat colors from exotic materials. This grand, monumental style of illumination was an expression of a renewed belief in the Holy Roman Empire, and a desire to be seen as equals by the Byzantines. Thus, splendid codices from that time were also used as political statements, and in their paintings the Ottonian kings and emperors had themselves crowned by God.
Treasures of Ottonian Illumination (Collection)
Vibrant colors made from precious pigments, extensive use of highly burnished gold, and stylized figures: an expressive style of painting brought to the highest perfection! Even today, one cannot help but to be enthralled by the lavishly illuminated deluxe manuscripts, which the monks on the island of Reichenau created for the Ottonian rulers as well as for important patrons of the imperial court in the 10th and 11th centuries. In fact, Reichenau Monastery was at the center of Ottonian art and the illuminated manuscripts produced by the so-called Reichenau school during this period continue to fascinate people today. Every page of these manuscripts evokes a solemn aura of the sublime and the sacred. In 2003, the UNESCO committee decided to inscribe ten of these works on the Memory of the World Register. The facsimile cassette published by Quaternio Editions Lucerne provides an insight into the wonderful imagery of these Ottonian masterpieces.
A Grand and Monumental Style
Ottonian art was produced primarily in modern Germany as well as northern Italy and the Low Countries. A continuation of Carolingian Illumination, Ottonian Illumination was strongly influenced by Late Antique and Byzantine Art, looking to them both for aesthetic inspiration and for the political implications of these classical forms as the kings of Germany claimed the mantle of Roman Emperor. Its compositions appear static, often relying on expressive glances and gestures with elongated fingers. Some Insular influences can also be seen in Ottonian art, especially with regard to marginal interlace patterns, large decorative initials, and incipit pages in particular. Ottonian Illumination is distinguished by a grand aesthetic, sometimes cumbersome in its early period, but then ca. 1000 "a solemn monumentality is combined with a vibrant inwardness, an unworldly, visionary quality with sharp attention to actuality, surface patterns of flowing lines and rich bright colors with passionate emotionalism". Often furnished with luxurious bindings, Ottonian manuscripts are counted among some of the greatest masterpieces in all of medieval manuscript art.
Masterpieces from Reichenau
Illuminated manuscripts made at Reichenau Abbey are among the most magnificent works of art created under the Ottonian monarchs. At that time, the Benedictine Abbey on the island of Reichenau in Lake Constance was one of the major cultural and scholarly centers of the East Frankish Empire. The scriptorium housed at Reichenau Abbey produced deluxe manuscripts of great beauty with an aesthetic that markedly influenced Ottonian art. The Abbey of Reichenau was founded in 724 by Saint Pirmin (d. 753), a Hiberno-Frankish itinerant Bishop, on an island in Lake Constance. Under Charlemagne, the abbey ranked among the great Frankish imperial monasteries and gained even more influence under the Ottonian dynasty. The scriptorium produced illuminated manuscripts of outstanding artistic quality for emperors, kings, and members of the higher clergy under the abbots Witigowo, Immo, and Berno (985-1048) in particular. At least 58 deluxe manuscripts from the βReichenau Schoolβ have survived to the present, but only seven of these works record the names of their scribes and illuminators been preserved.
This compendium of single sheets mounted on boards and suitable for framing consists of ten outstanding specimens of Ottonian illumination from the following manuscripts:
Bamberger Daniel-Kommentar - Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, Msc. Bibl. 22
Bamberg Apocalypse - Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, Msc. Bibl. 140
Gospel Book of Otto III - MΓΌnich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4453
Evangeliar aus dem Bamberger Dom - MΓΌnich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4454
Pericopes of Henry II - MΓΌnich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek MuΜnchen, Clm 4452;
Codex Egberti - Trier, Stadtbibliothek Weberbach, Hs. 24
Egbert-Psalter - Cividale del Friuli, Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cividale del Friuli, Ms. 136
Evangelistar von Poussay - BibliotheΜque nationale de France, Ms. lat. 10514;
Evangeliar Ottos III. (Liuthar- Evangeliar) - Domschatzkammer Aachen, G 25.
Codicology
- Alternative Titles
- SchΓ€tze der Reichenauer Buchmalerei
SchaΜtze der Reichenauer Buchmalerei - Die ottonischen Handschriften aus dem Weltdokumentenerbe der UNESCO - Size / Format
- 10 leaves / 42.5 Γ 23.5 cm
- Origin
- Germany
- Date
- 10β11th century
- Style
- Genre
- Language
- Illustrations
- 10 miniatures
- Content
- Ten leaves from important Ottonian manuscripts:
Bamberger Daniel-Kommentar (Msc. Bibl. 22 - Staatsbibliothek Bamberg)
Bamberg Apocalypse (Msc. Bibl. 140 - Staatsbibliothek Bamberg)
Gospels of Otto III (Clm 4453 - Bayerische Staatsbibliothek)
Evangeliar
Treasures of Ottonian Illumination (Collection)
Entry into Jerusalem β Codex Egberti
Christβs triumphal entry into Jerusalem, celebrated each year on Palm Sunday, marks the beginning of the Passion cycle. Christ is depicted riding on a humble donkey, which symbolizes peace in contrast to a mighty warhorse. He is followed by a procession of his barefooted disciples and is greeted by the shod citizens of Jerusalem. They are depicted presumably greeting the entourage outside of the city because no architectures can be seen, just a very inaccurate-looking palm tree. Some of the people break off branches from the tree to throw onto the road alongside their colorful cloaks; all of them are dressed in classical Roman robes.
Treasures of Ottonian Illumination (Collection) β Gospels of Otto III
Patron Portrait of Otto III
This brightly-colored double-page miniature is a masterpiece of Ottonian illumination and a famous representation of the power of the Holy Roman Empire. The artists of Reichenauβs scriptorium drew from Byzantine and Carolingian examples, both of which were firmly rooted in the style of Late Antiquity. Thus, Otto is formidably presented in the purple robes of a Roman emperor.
Otto is enthroned with the imperial crown, orb, and eagle scepter of Augustus. He is flanked by clerics to the left and noble knights to the right. Four figures representing the peoples of the empire β Sclavinia, Germania, Gallia, and Roma β humbly approach with gifts consisting of a shell filled with gems, a palm branch, a cornucopia, and a golden globe.
#1 SchaΜtze der Reichenauer Buchmalerei - Die ottonischen Handschriften aus dem Weltdokumentenerbe der UNESCO
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