Sforza Hours
Hardly any other medieval manuscript is comparable to the breathtakingly illuminated Sforza Hours. The precious work was begun in about 1486 as a commission for Duchess Bona of Savoy, wife of Galleazo Maria Sforza, by the talented book artist Giovan Pietro Birago, who worked at the Sforza court in Milan. After a never solved robbery of about one third of the unfinished leaves, work on the magnificent manuscript was stopped around 1495 and not completed until 1521 by Gerard Horenbout, the Dutch court painter of Margaret of Austria. Long aberrations brought the magnificent manuscript to some of the most important ruling houses of the Renaissance. Its incomparably valuable and precious illumination, which gathers in the smallest space countless splendid borders and 203 full-page miniatures, which are in no way inferior to the great panel painting, still casts a spell on the awestruck beholder.
Sforza Hours
Books of hours were the most popular prayer and devotional books intended for the laity in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period. The books of hours from the Renaissance Period are outstanding examples of the high art of hand-made book illumination and count among the most beautiful manuscripts that were ever made. The Sforza Hours is a fantastic masterpiece of splendid miniature painting in spectacular colors and rich pictorial adornment. This manuscript is a work whose charming, opulent design is befitting of the paramount position of the Sforza family. The Sforza have been characterized alongside the Medici as the most significant commissioners and patrons of the artistic life of the Renaissance. The splendid book of hours consists of 696 breathtakingly illustrated vellum pages. Alongside 203 full-page miniatures, fantastic bordures in an unending variety of colors and lavish gold adornment adorn the work in excess.
Art at the Court of the Sforza
The book of hours was commissioned by Duchess Bona of Savoy, the wife of Galeazzo Sforza. She was a daughter of Duke Louis the Elder and was married in July of 1468. The dazzling Renaissance prince Galeazzo Maria Sforza was not only known for his lecherous, cruel, and tyrannical character, but he also has gone down in history as a patron of art and music. Some of the most talented artists from across Europe worked at the Sforza court, among them the Milanese Giovan Pietro Birago, the leading miniaturist during the reign of Lodovico Sforza. Birago was entrusted with the commission for the Bonaβs book of hours. With this work, he created his masterpiece and simultaneously a principle work of European Renaissance art. Birago was inspired by the painting of Leonardo da Vinci for the depiction of people, Andrea Mantegna was his example for the composition of landscapes. The incomprehensibly precious book illustrations of the Sforza Hours surpassed everything that had previously been known in the world of book art. The codex, which is kept safe today in the British Library in London, can look back on an exciting history.
A Spectacular Journey Through History
There exists a letter from the painter Birago concerning the book of hours, which was addressed to an unknown nobleman shortly before the completion of his masterpiece. Therein he told of a mendicant friar, who stole parts of the still-incomplete codex from him. Some of the stolen pages, which made up approximately one third of the entire manuscript, never resurfaced. After this mysterious art theft and long aberrations, the book of hours finally came into the hands of Margaret of Austria. In 1506, she went with her young nephew, the future Emperor Charles V, to the Netherlands as governor and evolved into one of the greatest patrons of northern Renaissance art. She gave her court painter, the world-famous Gerard Horenbout, the commission for the completion of the unfinished book of hours. In 1520, he supplemented the incomplete vellum pages and appended the work with impressive miniatures. The manuscript could have possibly reached Spain with Charles V, in whose preferred kingdom of Castile it was found 350 years later. The collector John Malcolm of Potlach obtained the book of hours and gifted it to the British library in 1893, where it counts among the most valuable holdings to this day.
Unique in Art History
Giovan Pietro Birago wrote in the already mentioned letter, that the Sforza Hours, even before it was completed, already possessed a value of 500 Ducats. Thus, it exceeded the worth of Leonardo da Vinciβs famous Virgin of the Rocks by fivefold. This makes it apparent just how astoundingly and richly the furnishing of the fantastic work was designed. The book of hours possesses, from an art historical perspective, a most unique status, that it is a principle work of two illuminators, who worked in different countries and never met one another. The Italian section shows accompanying pictures that can hardly be surpassed in their dramatic and strikingly colorful design. Birago understood how to masterfully reproduce the emotions on the faces of the people he depicted. Horenbout appended 16 miniatures and two bordures in the enchanting Flemish style to the book of hours. His illuminations distinguish themselves through their rich detail and it is easy to see that the painter was striving for a stylistic harmonization of his depictions with the Italian illustrations. Thus he was successful in uniting the beloved painting style of Flanders with the style of his predecessor, Birago, in a harmonious manner.
Codicology
- Alternative Titles
- Stundenbuch der Sforza
- Size / Format
- 696 pages / 13.1 Γ 9.3 cm
- Date
- Around 1486/90 and around 1520
- Epochs
- Style
- Genre
- Language
- Illustrations
- 203 full-page miniatures
- Patron
- Bona Sforza, Duchess of Milan; Margaret of Austria
- Artist / School
- Giovan Pietro Birago
Gerard Horenbout
Etienne de Lale - Previous Owners
- Sir John Charles Robinson
John Malcolm of Poltalloch
Duke Phillibert III
Margaret of Austria
Charles V
Sforza Hours
Hound Pursuing Rabbit
Wearing a fancy red collar with gold dΓ©cor, a long-haired greyhound is right on the heels of an exceptionally fat rabbit with deep-set, frightened eyes. The comparatively lean greyhound has a fierce look in his eye, tongue hanging hungrily out of his mouth in anticipation, and is bounding with both front legs in the air. Masterful brushstrokes add texture to their coats. A castle can be seen standing still across the river in the blue background of this magnificent bas-de-page miniature.
Sforza Hours
Entry into Jerusalem
Commemorated on Palm Sunday, Christβs triumphal entry into Jerusalem marks the beginning of the Passion cycle. Christ is depicted riding on a donkey, which symbolizes peace in contrast to a horse, and accompanied by a procession of his disciples proceeding on foot. The citizens of Jerusalem have come out to meet him, some lay their clothes on the ground while one climbs a tree for a better look.
The figures in the scene are depicted with expressive, unique faces and are brightly dressed in the style of Renaissance Italy. By contrast, Christ and his disciples wear monochrome robes. Subtle strokes of gold ink, especially Christβs halo, further embellish the incredibly rich color palette. The caption IN ILLO TEMPORE translates to βat that timeβ.
#1 Stundenbuch der Sforza (Luxury Edition)
Languages: English, German
#2 Stundenbuch der Sforza (Complete Set of Four Volumes)
Languages: English, German
(3,000β¬ - 7,000β¬)
#3 Stundenbuch der Sforza (Standard Edition - Vol. 1)
Languages: English, German
(1,000β¬ - 3,000β¬)
#4 Stundenbuch der Sforza (Standard Edition - Vol. 2)
Languages: English, German
(1,000β¬ - 3,000β¬)
#5 Stundenbuch der Sforza (Standard Edition - Vol. 3)
Languages: English, German
(1,000β¬ - 3,000β¬)
#6 Stundenbuch der Sforza (Standard Edition - Vol. 4)
Languages: English, German
(1,000β¬ - 3,000β¬)
- Treatises / Secular Books
- Apocalypses / Beatus
- Astronomy / Astrology
- Bestiaries
- Bibles / Gospels
- Chronicles / History / Law
- Geography / Maps
- Saints' Lives
- Islam / Oriental
- Judaism / Hebrew
- Single Leaf Collections
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Literature / Poetry
- Liturgical Manuscripts
- Medicine / Botany / Alchemy
- Music
- Mythology / Prophecies
- Psalters
- Other Religious Books
- Games / Hunting
- Private Devotion Books
- Other Genres
- Afghanistan
- Armenia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Colombia
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Egypt
- Ethiopia
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- India
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Lebanon
- Luxembourg
- Mexico
- Morocco
- Netherlands
- Palestine
- Peru
- Poland
- Portugal
- Russia
- Serbia
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Syria
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uzbekistan
- Aboca Museum
- Ajuntament de Valencia
- Akademie Verlag
- Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (ADEVA)
- Aldo Ausilio Editore - Bottega dβErasmo
- Alecto Historical Editions
- Alkuin Verlag
- Almqvist & Wiksell
- Amilcare Pizzi
- Andreas & Andreas Verlagsbuchhandlung
- Archa 90
- Archiv Verlag
- Archivi Edizioni
- Arnold Verlag
- ARS
- Ars Magna
- ArtCodex
- AyN Ediciones
- Azimuth Editions
- Badenia Verlag
- BΓ€renreiter-Verlag
- Belser Verlag
- Belser Verlag / WK Wertkontor
- Benziger Verlag
- Bernardinum Wydawnictwo
- BiblioGemma
- Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (Vaticanstadt, Vaticanstadt)
- Bibliotheca Palatina Faksimile Verlag
- Bibliotheca Rara
- Boydell & Brewer
- Bramante Edizioni
- Bredius Genootschap
- Brepols Publishers
- British Library
- C. Weckesser
- Caixa Catalunya
- Canesi
- CAPSA, Ars Scriptoria
- Caratzas Brothers, Publishers
- Carus Verlag
- Casamassima Libri
- Chavane Verlag
- Christian BrandstΓ€tter Verlag
- Circulo Cientifico
- Club BibliΓ³filo Versol
- Club du Livre
- CM Editores
- Collegium Graphicum
- Collezione Apocrifa Da Vinci
- ComissaΜo Nacional para as ComemoracΜ§oΜes dos Descobrimentos Portugueses
- Coron Verlag
- Corvina
- CTHS
- D. S. Brewer
- Damon
- De Agostini/UTET
- De Nederlandsche Boekhandel
- De Schutter
- Deuschle & Stemmle
- Deutscher Verlag fΓΌr Kunstwissenschaft
- DIAMM
- Droz
- E. Schreiber Graphische Kunstanstalten
- Ediciones Boreal
- Ediciones Grial
- Ediclube
- Ediçáes Inapa
- Edilan
- Editalia
- Edition Deuschle
- Edition Georg Popp
- Edition Leipzig
- Edition Libri Illustri
- Editiones Reales Sitios S. L.
- Γditions de l'Oiseau Lyre
- Editions Medicina Rara
- Editorial Casariego
- Editorial Mintzoa
- Editrice Antenore
- Editrice Velar
- Edizioni Edison
- Egeria, S.L.
- Eikon Editores
- Electa
- Emery Walker Limited
- Enciclopèdia Catalana
- Eos-Verlag
- Ephesus Publishing
- Ernst Battenberg
- Eugrammia Press
- Extraordinary Editions
- Fackelverlag
- Facsimila Art & Edition
- Facsimile Editions Ltd.
- Facsimilia Art & Edition Ebert KG
- Faksimile Verlag
- Feuermann Verlag
- Folger Shakespeare Library
- Franco Cosimo Panini Editore
- Friedrich Wittig Verlag
- FundaciΓ³n Hullera Vasco-Leonesa
- G. Braziller
- Gabriele Mazzotta Editore
- Gebr. Mann Verlag
- Gesellschaft fΓΌr graphische Industrie
- Getty Research Institute
- Giovanni Domenico de Rossi
- Giunti Editore
- Graffiti
- Grafica European Center of Fine Arts
- Guido Pressler
- Guillermo Blazquez
- Gustav Kiepenheuer
- H. N. Abrams
- Harrassowitz
- Helikon
- Hendrickson Publishers
- Henning Oppermann
- Herder Verlag
- Hes & De Graaf Publishers
- Hoepli
- Holbein-Verlag
- Hortus Deliciarum
- Houghton Library
- Hugo Schmidt Verlag
- Idion Verlag
- Il Bulino, edizioni d'arte
- ILte
- Imago
- Insel Verlag
- Instituto Nacional de AntropologΓa e Historia
- Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana - Treccani
- Istituto Ellenico di Studi Bizantini e Postbizantini
- Istituto Geografico De Agostini
- Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
- Italarte Art Establishments
- J. Thorbecke
- Jan Thorbecke Verlag
- Johnson Reprint Corporation
- Josef Stocker
- Josef Stocker-Schmid
- Jugoslavija
- Karl W. Hiersemann
- Kasper Straube
- Kaydeda Ediciones
- Kindler Verlag / Coron Verlag
- Kodansha International Ltd.
- Konrad KΓΆlbl Verlag
- Kurt Wolff Verlag
- La Liberia dello Stato
- La Linea Editrice
- La Meta Editore
- Lambert Schneider
- Landeskreditbank Baden-WΓΌrttemberg
- Leo S. Olschki
- Les Incunables
- Library of Congress
- Libreria Musicale Italiana
- Lichtdruck
- Lito Immagine Editore
- Lumen Artis
- Lund Humphries
- M. Moleiro Editor
- Maison des Sciences de l'homme et de la socieΜteΜ de Poitiers
- Manuscriptum
- Martinus Nijhoff
- Maruzen-Yushodo Co. Ltd.
- MASA
- McGraw-Hill
- Militos
- Millennium Liber
- MΓΌller & Schindler
- Nahar and Steimatzky
- National Library of Wales
- Neri Pozza
- Nova Charta
- Oceanum Verlag
- Odeon
- Orbis Mediaevalis
- Orbis Pictus
- Γsterreichische Staatsdruckerei
- Oxford University Press
- Pageant Books
- Parzellers Buchverlag
- Patrimonio Ediciones
- Pattloch Verlag
- PIAF
- Pieper Verlag
- Plon-Nourrit et cie
- Prestel Verlag
- Princeton University Press
- Prisma Verlag
- Priuli & Verlucca, editori
- Pro Sport Verlag
- PropylΓ€en Verlag
- Pytheas Books
- Quaternio Verlag Luzern
- Reales Sitios
- Recht-Verlag
- Reichert Verlag
- Reichsdruckerei
- Riehn & Reusch
- Roberto Vattori Editore
- Rosenkilde and Bagger
- Roxburghe Club
- Salerno Editrice
- Sarajevo Svjetlost
- SchΓΆck ArtPrint Kft.
- Scolar Press
- Scrinium
- Scripta Maneant
- Scriptorium
- SiloΓ©, arte y bibliofilia
- SISMEL - Edizioni del Galluzzo
- Sociedad Mexicana de AntropologΓa
- SociΓ©tΓ© des Bibliophiles & Iconophiles de Belgique
- Soncin Publishing
- Sorli Ediciones
- Stainer and Bell
- Studer
- Styria Verlag
- Sumptibus Pragopress
- Szegedi TudomΓ nyegyetem
- Taberna Libraria
- Tarshish Books
- Taschen
- Tempus Libri
- Testimonio CompaΓ±Γa Editorial
- Thames and Hudson
- The Clear Vue Publishing Partnership Limited
- The Facsimile Codex
- The Folio Society
- The Marquess of Normanby
- The Richard III and Yorkist History Trust
- Tip.Le.Co
- TouchArt
- TREC Publishing House
- TRI Publishing Co.
- Trident Editore
- Typis Regiae Officinae Polygraphicae
- Union Verlag Berlin
- Universidad de Granada
- University of California Press
- University of Chicago Press
- Urs Graf
- Vallecchi
- Van Wijnen
- VCH, Acta Humaniora
- VDI Verlag
- VEB Deutscher Verlag fΓΌr Musik
- Verlag Anton Pustet / Andreas Verlag
- Verlag der MΓΌnchner Drucke
- Verlag fΓΌr Regionalgeschichte
- Verlag Styria
- Vicent Garcia Editores
- W. Turnowsky
- Waanders Printers
- Wiener Mechitharisten-Congregation (Wien, Γsterreich)
- Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
- Wydawnictwo Dolnoslaskie
- Xuntanza Editorial
- ZakΕad Narodowy
- Zollikofer AG